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which were graded as minimal (V-1) and occasionally mild (V-2, in cynomolgus monkeys) in severity. The antibody response to either parental or vaccine virus was slightly less in rhesus monkeys than in cynomolgus inoculated with these strains. This comparative study possibly establishes the cynomolgus monkey as a suitable test model to replace the rhesus monkey for neurovirulence testing of dengue-1 vaccine intended for use in humans.

Angsubphakorn, S., S. Yoksan, et al. (1988). "Dengue-4 vaccine: neurovirulence, viraemia and immune responses in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys." Trans.R.Soc.Trop.Med.Hyg. 82: 746-749.
A dengue 4 (DEN-4, strain 1036-PDK 48) vaccine attenuated by passage in primary dog kidney cells was tested using rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) monkeys to determine its safety, potency, and immunogenicity. 14 rhesus monkeys were divided into 3 groups: group 1, 2 animals given control culture fluid; group 2, 2 animals given DEN-4 parental virus; group 3, 10 animals given DEN-4 vaccine virus. 10 cynomolgus were similarly grouped, but group 3 contained 6 monkeys. No significant neurovirulence was observed with parental or with DEN-4 virus passaged in primary dog kidney (PDK) cells. Both cynomolgus monkeys inoculated with DEN-4 vaccine virus developed minimal (V-1) and mild (V-2) neurovirulence-type lesions in the central nervous system, which were nondestructive in both species. All parental and vaccine viruses produced moderate to high neutralizing antibody titres. Only parental virus produced viraemia, in 2 cynomolgus monkeys. Because of its safety and avirulence in monkeys, PDK 48 is recommended for human trial.

Annis, B. and S. Rusmiarto (1988). "Trial of a quantified mass rearing method for Toxorhynchites splendens." J.Am.Mosq.Control.Assoc. 4: 368-369.

Annis, B., S. Krisnowardojo, et al. (1989). "Suppression of larval Aedes aegypti populations in household water storage containers in Jakarta, Indonesia, through releases of first-instar Toxorhynchites splendens larvae." J.Am.Mosq.Control.Assoc. 5: 235-238.
Weekly releases of first-instar Toxorhynchites splendens larvae were made in household water storage containers in a neighborhood in Jakarta, Indonesia, between April 1987 and April 1988. A single larva was placed in each container surveyed. Forty-one percent of all containers in the treatment area were treated each week and the average container was treated once every 2.4 weeks. Aedes aegypti populations were suppressed but not controlled by treatment. It is hypothesized that first-instar Toxorhynchites larvae were poor control agents due to their inability to withstand periods of starvation and to their accidental removal from containers during the act of water consumption.

Annis, B., S. Nalim, et al. (1990). "Toxorhynchites amboinensis larvae released in domestic containers fail to control dengue vectors in a rural village in central Java." J.Am.Mosq.Control.Assoc. 6(1): 75-78.
Ites amboinensis larvae for control of dengue vectors in household water storage containers was tested in a rural village in Central Java, Indonesia. Concrete cisterns and clay jars were the most common types of containers used for long-term water storage, although smaller numbers of metal drums were also used. All containers in use in the